I would use a telephoto lens to shoot pictures of objects that are far away. For example, I would use a telephoto lens If I wanted shots of the animals at the zoo. You can't get really close to them so a telephoto lens would be perfect to get zoomed in great shots.
I would use a prime lens to take pictures of close objects since a prime lens cannot zoom. Maybe, I would use a prime lens to take shots of a sunset since it is a bit dark.
I would use a wide-angle lens to take a photograph of something that I wanted to get the whole shot of. I would use a wide-angle lens if I wanted to make everything come out in the picture. For example, If I were to take a picture of a beach I would want the ocean to come out and some of the sand part to come out as well, I would use a wide-angle lens in that case.
Depth of Field- Length between two objects that give judged to be focused in a camera.
Light- The amount of light controls most of these other definition like exposure etc.
Shadows- The amount of shadow depends on the amount of light.
Diffusion- Process of softening detail in a print with a diffusion disk or other material that scatters light.
Exposure- Amount of light that is allowed to be captured while taking a picture.
Aperture- Measures the size of the lens opening.
Shutter Speed- Length of time a camera shutter is open and exposes light into the camera sensor.
ISO- Level of sensitivity of your camera to available light.
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